Abbasi raei, A. and karimi nazari, M. H. (2025). Challenges and solutions to improve human capital in the field of defense. Defense-Human Capital Management, 4(4), -. doi: 10.22034/jdhcm.2025.2050019.1137.[In Persian].
Abdali, R., Khaef elahi, A. A., Danayi fard, H. and Ahmadi, P. (2018). Explaining The Incentive Preferences of Employees: Is There a Difference between Public and Private Sector. Strategic Management Thought, 12(2), 216-234. doi: 10.30497/smt.2018.2590.[In Persian].
Abedi Ja’fari, H. , Taslimi, M. S. , Faghihi, A. and Sheikhzade, M. (2011). Thematic Analysis and Thematic Networks: A Simple and Efficient Method for Exploring Patterns Embedded in Qualitative Data Municipalities). Strategic Management Thought, 5(2), 151-198. doi: 10.30497/smt.2011.163
Aletaha, S. H., Shaemi Barzoki, A. and Safari, A. (2022). Identifying the Challenges of Human Resource Management in Non-profit Organizations. Journal of Public Administration, 14(4), 580-601. doi: 10.22059/jipa.2022.343295.3162.[In Persian].
Ali, M., Alyani, M. A., Warsi, A. Z., Azizi, N. U., Hussain, A. K., & Faiza, M. (2025). Geography of workplace distribution in Pakistan: Urbanization trends and challenges for human resource professionals. The Critical Review of Social Sciences Studies, 3(1), 2077-2089. https://doi.org/10.59075/83jr0v05
Alimin, R. (2025). Human resource management: Trends and challenges in the digital age. Paper presented at WorldMBEAt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388868974
Ardalan, O., asgarzadeh, A. and Golsorkh, M. (2020). Challenges of management and human resources in the public sector: the application of mixed research. Innovation Management in Defensive Organizations, 2(4), 180-197. doi: 10.22034/qjimdo.2020.160624.[In Persian].
Asadi, E., & Zakeri, M. (2020). Challenges of human resource management in Iran's administrative system. Journal of Administrative Transformation, 62, 46-57. [In Persian].
Braun, Virginia and Clarke, Victoria (2006) “Using thematic analysis in psychology”, Qualitative Research in Psychology, Vol. 3 No. 2: 77-101. Retrived from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/11735.
Buelens, M., & Broeck, H. Van den. (2007). An Analysis of Differences in Work Motivation between Public and Private Sector Organizations. Public Administration Review, 67 (1), pp.65–74. DOI: 10.1177/0275074003258823
Chandan, G. B. (2023). Human resource management challenges in MSMEs. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science, 5(10), 1499- 1501. https://www.irjmets.com
Destriani, R., Adhitama, R. Y., Sensuse, D. I., Hidayat, D. S., & Purwaningsih, E. H. (2024). Challenges and Technology Trends in Implementing a Human Resource Management System: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence, 10(3), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.20473/jisebi.10.3.355-367.
Frank, S. A., & Lewis, G. B. (2004). Government Employees: Working Hard or Hardly Working? American Review of Public Administration, 34(1), pp.36–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074003258823
Ghasemi, H. (2023). Research Reference (20th ed). Tehran: Andisheh Ara. [In Persian].
Ghoulipour Souteh, R. , Zarjou, S. and Najafi Rastaghi, H. (2024). Identifying Factors Affecting National Human Resources Management with Emphasis on Human Resources Challenges. Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(2), 29-55. doi: 10.22034/jhrs.2024.202933.[In Persian].
Given, L. M. (2008) the sage encyclopedia of qualitative Methods. Vol. 1-2, California: Sage.
kamali, Y. (2018). Methodology of Thematic Analysis and its Application in Public Policy Studies. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 4(2), 189-208. doi: 10.22059/ppolicy.2018.67875.[In Persian].
khanjani lahi, S. , yaghoobnejad, A. and esmaeelzadeh mogharri, A. (2025). Prioritizing the Challenges of Human Resource Management in Auditing Institutions. Journal of Management Accounting and Auditing Knowledge, 14(54), 205-220. [In Persian].
Kumaravelu, M. (2018). A study on human resource management a challenging in India. International Journal of Current Research and Modern Education, 3(2), 57-60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2531903
Lina, M. A., Ali, M. M. & Hossain, M. A. (2016). Contemporary challenges of human resource management. International Journal of Ethics in Social Sciences, 4(1), 145-156.
Mafi, F. (2012). Measuring the performance of private sector development in implementing the general policies of Article 44 of the Constitution: A comparison between Iran and selected regional countries [Perspective]. Tehran: Expediency Discernment Council, Strategic Research Center, Economic Research Group, Strategic Research Institute. [In Persian].
Malin, C., Kupfer, C., Fleiß, J., Kubicek, B., & Thalmann, S. (2023). In the AI of the beholder - a qualitative study of HR professionals’ beliefs about AI-based chatbots and decision support in candidate pre-selection. Administrative Sciences, 13(11), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13110231
Panagiotis, M., Alexandros, S., & George, P. (2014). Organizational Culture and Motivation in the Public Sector. The Case of the City of Zografou. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14(14), pp.415–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(14)00730-8
Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), pp.367–373.
Ramos-González, M. D. M., Rubio-Andrés, M., & Sastre-Castillo, M. Á. (2022). Effects of socially responsible human resource management (SR-HRM) on innovation and reputation in entrepreneurial SMEs. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 18(3), 1205-1233.
Schipper, M. (2023). The challenges of international human resource management in multinational corporations. Journal of Research in International Business and Management, 10(2), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.14303/jribm.2023.015
Sedighi, K., Sedighi, K., & Sedighi, S. (2015). Challenging domains and requirements for private sector development in the Sixth Development Plan (spatial arrangements, orientations, and policies) (Final Report, 2nd ed). Study Project on Private Sector Development Policies in the Sixth Development Plan. Tehran: Tehran Chamber of Commerce, Industries, Mines, and Agriculture. [In Persian].
Shahlayi, N., darvishi, M. and anani, H. R. (2022). Prioritizing the challenges of AJA human resources management in the field of quality of working life of employees. Defense-Human Capital Management, 2(1), 59-77. [In Persian].
Siyambalapitiya, J., Zhang, X., & Liu, X. (2018). Green human resource management: A proposed model in the context of Sri Lanka’s tourism industry. Journal of cleaner production, 201, 542-555.
Skýpalová, R., Šikýř, M., & Vávrová, J. (2024). What HR Issues and Challenges are Addressed by Contemporary HR Professionals and Line Managers? A Survey Evidence from the Czech Republic. Economics and Culture, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.2478/jec-2024-0009
Sookhakian, M. A., & Bahrani, R. (2009). Challenges of human resource management in Iranian private companies. 7th International Management Conference, Tehran: Faculty of Management and Economics, Sharif University of Technology. [In Persian].
Sylejmani, M., & Mesko, M. (2024). Challenges in Human Resource Management for Employee Retention in Private Companies: Case Study of the Private Sector in the Republic of Kosovo, Pristina. Revista De Gestão Social E Ambiental, 18(9), e08297. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-154.
Tucker, E. (2022). Strategic workforce planning: from closing skills gaps to optimizing talent. Strategic HR Review, 21(1), 14-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/SHR-06-2021-0028
Verma, S., Singh, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. S. (2021). Do big data-driven HR practices improve HR service quality and innovation competency of SMEs. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 29(4), 950-973. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2020-2128
Virk, G. S. (2017). Challenges of human resource management in MSME. International Journal of Business Administration and Management, 7(1), 24-37.
Zeraatkar, S., rajabi farjad, H., & naghashzadeh, S. (2021). Exploration of the Challenges of Human Resource Management in the Public Sector and Their Effects on Productivity. Journal of Research in Human Resources Management, 12(4), 197-224. [In Persian].
